Institute of research into the fundamental laws of the Universe

CURRENT

Beam current measurements essentially rely on the beam’s power density. The easiest way to measure the current is to intercept the beam with an electrically isolated cup and collect the beam charges. A Faraday cup was developed for the FAIR project to stop 200 W of average power and up to 8 kW of peak power.

Another method is to a use an AC current transformer - or ACCT - to obtain a non-interceptive measurement. This method uses magnetic flux for effective detection of current variations. This diagnostic feature is suitable for pulsed beams, as in the FAIR project. Magnetic induction, however, could be disturbed when the magnetic loop is immersed in a strong and constant magnetic flux, such as that generated by a solenoid leakage field. The performance of this equipment was tested on the IPHI low energy transport line, with the magnetic shielding of the turn optimized in terms of mechanical design.

POSITION

Beam position monitors (BPMs) are non-destructive devices used to measure the beam position and current, and to check its transit time. Various BPM types are being developed.

?  BPMs using radiofrequency cavities

The operating principle is as follows: when passing through the cavity, the beam excites electromagnetic modes that generate signals on four antennas installed at 90° around the beam pipe.

For the E-XFEL project, SACM is responsible for designing, manufacturing, and installing the cavity with its antennas, and its dedicated electronics for 31 position monitors, known as reentrant BPMs. These diagnostic devices are installed inside the linac cryomodules. The system electronics, which processes the signal from the cavity, is mounted on a printed circuit board and inserted into a rack that houses all the BPMs of the machine. This rack is developed by the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). A reentrant BPM installed in a 3.9 GHz cryomodule is already in operation on the injector. Another, installed in a hot section on the FLASH2 accelerator at DESY, was used during a series of measurement campaigns for the overall qualification of the system.

?  BPMs using an electrostatic monitor

A monitor called button BPM, based on an electrostatic design, is also being developed. This device is composed of four button electrodes. The aim is to measure the charges induced by the electric field of the particle beam on an isolated metal plate. The closer the beam is to an electrode, the stronger the induced signal on that electrode. The current is determined by adding together the signals from the four electrodes. The difference between signals indicate the transverse positions on the X and Y axes. This type of monitor is developed in collaboration with GSI for the inter-tank section of the FAIR proton linac. Radiofrequency calculations led to the mechanical design of a prototype that was measured on a test bench designed and built by IRFU. A software is used to characterize sensitivity and linearity, obtain a position map, and determine the electrical center of the BPM. A two-channel preamplifier prototype was also produced and measured.

Another BPM, also based on an electrostatic design, is being studied for the SARAF project. It will be installed in the cryomodules and will operate at around 4 K.

QUALITY

Beam quality is determined by an interceptive measurement by producing an emittance pattern, which shows beam intensity relative to its position x and its angle x’ in relation to the propagation axis z. Two measurement techniques are under development: the Allison scanner, and the 4D emittance meter, commonly known as the “pepperpot" emittance meter. An Allison scanner was chosen for the IFMIF project to relate the position x to the angle x’. For the ESS project, a second measurement is taken in the other plane, relating y to y’. This provides a true representation of the beam to see its evolution and, therefore, its “quality”.

The measurement principle is based on the electrostatic deflection of charged particles from the ion beam by a set of parallel, polarizable deflector plates. Beam quality is defined as the area of the ellipse in the phase space. This ellipse is obtained by measuring (x,x’), which represents beam current according to the position x of the selection slit, and the beam angle x’ selected by the slit.

The angle x’ is obtained by measuring the beam current according to the electric field E, created by the polarized plates, and the characteristics (charge, mass, and energy) of the beam particles.

One of the technical problems encountered when designing an Allison emittance scanner is the front slit, which is directly positioned into the incident beam to be qualified.

In the IFMIF project, where the deuterium beam transmits 15 kW continuous power, a tungsten tile, cleverly brazed on copper, and a suitable cooling system -ensures that the slit state is maintained despite the thermal expansion of materials.

As part of the ESS project, a pair of Allison scanners is being developed to withstand beam power of 750 W for a minimum task diameter of 6 mm (i.e. power density of 2.7 kW/cm²). Hot isostatic pressing of tungsten on copper for the beam dump blocks and the use of an exotic alloy (TZM) for the selection slits make it possible to withstand these values.

In the case of the MYRRHA linear accelerator, injector tuning is of the utmost importance, not only to ensure beam quality and minimize loss, but also because this accelerator-driven system (ADS) must ensure a very high level of reliability that has yet to be achieved by existing high-power accelerators. For this reason, diagnostics play a vital role in monitoring and understanding beam physics. Within this context, SACM has launched an ambitious R&D project to develop a 4D emittance meter, aimed at characterizing beam distribution in the four dimensions of the transverse phase space with unparalleled accuracy. Its development started with the French NEEDS program in 2013 and continues as part of the MYRTE program.

This device features a beam dump drilled with 100 holes 70 µm in diameter, at 7 mm intervals, and arranged in tens. The 100 beamlets thus formed strike a light-emitting surface. Information is retrieved in a photograph taken with a triggered CCD camera. The choice of scintillator is one of the keys to the device. The pepperpot can move in both directions transverse to the beam between each photo for enhanced resolution. About a hundred such photographs are taken which, combined with suitable digital processing, can be used to identify beam emittance parameters. This measurement has the advantage of giving a result in both planes at the same time.